Rekayasa Hukum (Fraus Legis) Dalam Perkawinan Beda Agama: Studi Komparatif Pengakuan Hukum Antara Singapura Dan Indonesia Pasca Sema No 2 Tahun 2023
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63732/aij.v4i2.258Keywords:
Interfaith Marriage, Fraus Legis, Private International LawAbstract
This study examines the phenomenon of interfaith marriages involving Indonesian citizens (WNI) conducted in Singapore as a response to national legal restrictions following the enactment of Supreme Court Circular Letter (SEMA) No. 2 of 2023. The central issue lies in the conflict between the principle of lex loci celebrationis, which recognizes the formal validity of marriages performed in Singapore, and lex patriae, which requires compliance with material conditions—specifically religious uniformity for Indonesian citizens. Employing a normative juridical method with statutory, comparative, and conceptual approaches, this research aims to analyze the differing roles of religious and civil law in both countries and their legal implications.The findings reveal a fundamental divergence: Indonesia adopts a religious-formalistic system, where religious law constitutes an essential requirement for marital validity, whereas Singapore applies a secular-pragmatic system under the Women’s Charter, separating civil authority from religious doctrine. Marriages conducted by Indonesian citizens in Singapore are considered a form of legal evasion (fraus legis), as they involve an intention to circumvent national law (animus evadendi). SEMA No. 2 of 2023 reinforces the refusal to register such marriages on the grounds of public policy derived from Pancasila values. Consequently, this gives rise to limping marriages, in which couples lack full legal recognition in Indonesia, particularly regarding marital property and inheritance rights. The most significant impact affects children born from such unions, who are legally classified as children born out of wedlock, with limited civil rights and more complex administrative procedures. This study concludes that Indonesia’s current legal policy prioritizes theological legal certainty over the protection of citizens’ civil rights within a global context.
References
Aditya, Z. F. (2023). Penyelundupan Hukum dalam Perkawinan Beda Agama dan Implikasi Yuridisnya. Jurnal Rechts Vinding, 12(2), 195–215.
Asshiddiqie, J. (2010). Konstitusi dan Kanun Negara. Konstitusi Press.
Aulia, Z. (2018). Legalitas Perkawinan Beda Agama Warga Negara Indonesia di Luar Negeri. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 48(2), 300–325.
Chen, S. (2020). Interfaith Marriage and the Conflict of Laws in Southeast Asia. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 15(2), 200–225.
Gautama, S. (1986). Hukum Perdata Internasional Indonesia.
Gautama, S. (1993). Hukum Antar Golongan: Suatu Pengantar. Ichtiar Baru Van Hoeve.
Government of Singapore. (2020). Administration of Muslim Law Act 1966.
Hardjowahono, B. S. (2013). Dasar-Dasar Hukum Perdata Internasional (5th ed.). Citra Aditya Bakti.
Ibrahim, J. (2006). Teori dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif. Bayumedia Publishing.
Juwana, H. (2002). Bunga Rampai Hukum Perdata Internasional. Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan, 32(4), 380–395.
Kharlie, A. T. (2013). Hukum Keluarga Indonesia. Sinar Grafika.
Leong, W. K. (2011). Elements of Family Law in Singapore (2nd ed.). Thomson Reuters.
Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia. (2023). Surat Edaran Mahkamah Agung Nomor 2 Tahun 2023 tentang Petunjuk Bagi Hakim dalam Mengadili Perkara Permohonan Pencatatan Perkawinan Antar-Umat yang Berbeda Agama dan Kepercayaan.
Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. (2012). Putusan Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010 terkait Status Anak Luar Kawin.
Marzuki, P. M. (2017). Penelitian Hukum: Edisi Revisi. Prenada Media Group.
Mulyadi, L. (2020). Hukum Perkawinan Indonesia: Perspektif Yuridis dan Sosiologis. PT RajaGrafindo Persada.
Nurlaelawati, E. (2010). Modernization, Tradition and Identity. Amsterdam University Press.
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (1974). Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan.
Pemerintah Republik Indonesia. (2006). Undang-Undang Nomor 23 Tahun 2006 tentang Administrasi Kependudukan.
Republik Indonesia. (1974). Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan sebagaimana telah diubah dengan Undang-Undang Nomor 16 Tahun 2019.
Sjarif, F. A. (2019). Analisis Keabsahan Perkawinan Beda Agama di Luar Negeri Menurut Hukum Positif Indonesia. Jurnal Legislasi Indonesia, 16(2), 245.
Sudarsono. (2010). Hukum Perkawinan Nasional. Rineka Cipta.
Sumardjono, M. S. W. (2023). Kepastian Hukum dan Perlindungan Hak Anak Pasca SEMA 2/2023. Mimbar Hukum, 35(2), 140–160.
Sunarmi. (2019). Prinsip Ketertiban Umum dalam Hukum Perdata Internasional. Jurnal Hukum Lex Librum, 5(2), 895–910.
Sunggono, B. (2003). Metodologi Penelitian Hukum. RajaGrafindo Persada.
Syahuri, T. (2013). Tafsir Konstitusi Perkawinan. Kencana.
Ummah, M. S. (2019). laporan tahunan 2021. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 11, Number 1). http://scioteca.caf.com/bitstream/handle/123456789/1091/RED2017-Eng-8ene.pdf?sequence=12&isAllowed=y%0Ahttp://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.regsciurbeco.2008.06.005%0Ahttps://www.researchgate.net/publication/305320484_SISTEM_PEMBETUNGAN_TERPUSAT_STRATEGI_MELESTARI
